Overview of Sheet Metal Work

Overview of Sheet Metal

Sheet metal is configured and fabricated into flat sheets. This type of material comes in several different thicknesses, depending on the finished purpose and the strength needed. Workers trained to work with this material cut, roll, and shape it to form many different items.

This substance has many different purposes, those easily seen in objects and those that often remain hidden. This substance has a thickness of 1/4 inch or less. It resembles plate metal, but this type of material is thicker, and it is used for large objects such as bridges, ships, and turbines. The two different materials have a similar manufacturing process, but the sheet metal process is typically performed cold, not warm. This manufacturing process creates strong pieces with smooth and even surfaces.

Objects Produced

A variety of items come from this material. Within the car industry, a sizable amount of automobile parts are derived from this substance. The products are seemingly endless:

-farming machinery -office equipment -appliances -computers -furniture -restaurant equipment -precision equipment -wraps around columns -outdoor and indoor signage -handrails -ductwork -refrigeration units -airplane wings -building facades -storage units -medical tables -beverage cans

Training and Skills Required for the Trade

Some people train for sheet metal work by taking classes or training as apprentices. Apprenticeship generally lasts up to five years, and an apprentice earns wages during the training time. The training and skills utilized by this type of professional include specialized mathematics, pattern development, and layout. Workers are skilled in measuring, cutting, shaping, and bending the materials. Cutting involves shearing the material. Bending involves forming the substance around a specific axis. Deep drawing involves the formation of a rounded cup or a flat-based box with vertical walls. Additional processes include ironing and spinning the substance.

Workers also have skills with special tools and devices that cut, shape, and fasten the metals. Welding is another area of expertise for these professionals. Shears, punches, presses, edge crimpers, grinders, and hammers are typical tools for this trade. Many professionals also learn how to design 3D drawings that will become actual structures. Workers may develop expertise in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning units by learning how to install, maintain, and repair these systems.

Trades for a Sheet Metal Worker

This type of construction specialist may work in construction or manufacturing. The fabrication industry typically involves working in a small shop or in a large manufacturing plant. The construction industry typically involves working on a work site, lifting heavy loads and maneuvering to work with the materials. A worker may also be employed within a specialized industry, such as HVAC design and installation, welding, roofing, or computer-aided drafting.

Once you realize the many places this substance exists, you may notice how prevalent and useful it is. The ability to manufacture it and build with it can be a relevant, marketable, and useful trade.

Motorcycle Tires Brief Intro

Motorcycle Tires

When we see a Harley Davidson cruising on the roads, one can't help but admire the sleekness of the machine and the way it hugs and glides along. But what we at that time fail to realize is that the component that helps the bike to cruise along the road with such beauty is the motorcycle tire. Even fewer people are aware that the motorcycle tire is really the brainchild of Robert Thomson who developed the world's first pneumatic tire.

Robert was a Scottish engineer who was given a patent for this tire in France in 1846 and a year later in the USA (1847).The construction of his tire was very simple. It consisted of a hollow circular belt made of Indian rubber which was then inflated with air. But Thomson did not persist with his invention and soon lost heart, maybe because good quality rubber was not available at that time. He then digressed on to solid rubber tires and allowed his invention to go to seed. Thomson's failure was John Boyd Dunlops gain, who about 4 decades later reinvented the pneumatic tire for his bicycle. Today's motorcycle tires can trace their pedigree to this bicycle tire.

This basic design has undergone many changes and mutations during the last century. These developments have led to the modern tire. One of these developments is the radial tire. The first radial tire designs were patented in 1915 by Arthur W. Savage a successful tire manufacturer and inventor in San Diego, CA. Savage's patents expired in 1949. However Michelin in 1946 further developed this type of tire as well and also made a commercial success of it. This new design was an added asset for a motorcycle as it enhanced the road grip and traction while driving. The difference between the earlier tires and the new radial tires was in their construction. Earlier tires had cross-ply structure, where the threads were woven across one another. Such tires did have endurance but the sidewalls were turgid and the tire could not flex easily, especially while negotiating corners or turns.

Michelin improved on this and produced the rubber threads which were woven radically and this problem was to a great extant solved. The bike thus had better control and improved traction for cornering and braking. At this time, the concept of pneumatic tire was to have an inner tube, also made of rubber which actually held the air and kept the tire inflated. This design had lasted upwards from the early twentieth century (1920) to be exact. However as technology inexorably moves forward the inner rubber tube was discarded and in 1972 and Dunlop patented the tube less tire.

This was a revolutionary invention, though tubes are still manufactured and are in use sometimes to increase the life of tube less tires.

The changing demands over the years, market forces and customer liking has had an effect on the development of the bike tires and many new types are on the road. Tires cover the entire gamut from high speed racing such as Formula One to heavier tires that move usage vehicles that are as large as a house. We must bear in mind that the tire as a part of motorcycle equipment has a relatively high price compared to other components of the bike. Thus it is important for owners of motorcycles to see that they purchase the correct size for their two wheelers. The basic function of a tire is to give the rider and his pillion on the motorcycle a smoother ride. They must have relative resistance to punctures and most important give a good road grip that is so essential in motorcycle riding. One thing that needs to be emphasized, is that Motorcycle tires are the most important ingredient of a motorcycle as not only they help the machine move forward, but are also critical for the safety of the bike and correspondingly the rider.

Most of the tire manufacturers have become house hold names like Dunlop, Michelin, Pirelli and Bridgestone etc. These are global corporate and have their plants spread from China, India to Europe and the USA. Some of the important bike tire manufactures who have molded the tire industry are worth a look.

To start with we have Michelin, a marquee name in the tire industry. It was incorporated way back in 1889. Michelin tires have a global presence and as part of their expansion acquired the American BF Goodrich Company in 1988. Incidentally Goodrich also traces its lineage to 1870.To further buttress its numero uno position it also took over Uniroyal Inc. in 1990, a business founded in 1892 as the United States Rubber Company. Michelin is the world's largest manufacturer of tires and can trace its history to1830 in vulcanized rubber.

However the pride of place must go to Dunlop Tires. Its first factory opened in Dublin in 1889. Dunlop Tires makes a large variety and types of motorcycle tires for all vehicles. Dunlop also has a close association with motor sport including motorcycle racing. Dunlop tires are now available all over the world. It's important to remember that the heritage of Dunlop will live on forever in the "(inch)" measurement still used all over the world as measure for the diameter of a wheel.

Breathing down the neck of Dunlop is the Bridgestone tire company. This is a Japanese company and started manufacturing tires much before the advent of the second world war-1931 to be precise. As Japan manufactures and markets some of the marquee motorcycle machines in the world like Honda and Yamaha it stands to reason that a large percentage of bike tires will emerge from Japan. The name Bridge stone is derived from the Japanese word Ishibashi which translates to stone bridge. Currently it's the worlds second largest tire manufacturer in the world next to Michelin. Bridgestone has a vast range of motorcycle tires and are found all over the world

The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is another name that has history behind it. It is over a hundred years old when it was started by Harvey Firestone. They have digressed into manufacture of motorcycle tires and are in a class themselves.

However with recession trends surfacing all around the globe with resultant reduction in the production of motorcycles the two wheeler divisions of these companies have to look to new and innovative methods to get out of this economic quagmire.

Introduction to Made and Celestron Telescopes

Made and Celestron Telescopes

Are you simply a fanatic of the clear night sky and want to take your astronomy knowledge even further than Galileo did? All you need is a 20/20 vision and a clear and reliable astronomy telescope to give your astronomical adventure an outstanding start.

Two of the leading names in the industry that manufacture world class astronomy telescopes are the Meade and Celestron Telescopes. Along with top manufacturers of these great star-gazing aides, Meade and Celestron have been consistently delivering clear and outstanding learning avenues to better explore our vast and mysterious universe.

Meade Telescopes are composed of a number of series of high technology telescopes such as the Meade DS-2000, Meade ETX, Meade ETX-PE, Meade ETX-LS, Meade Light Bridge, Meade LX200-ACF, Meade LX200-ACF Advanced, Meade LXD75, and a lot more that are guaranteed to deliver you a clear and unparalleled level of universal tour in the clear night sky.

Most of Meade's astronomy devices are equipped with an on-board computer which automatically serves as your astronomy professor, properly guiding you to successfully gaze at planets like Jupiter and Saturn, nebulae, galaxies, star clusters and more. These telescopes from Meade give careful consideration on little things and elements such as premium-grade optical glass, high transmission optical coatings, over sized primary mirrors, and small engineering tolerances that make up its distinct difference in clarity, resolution, and contrast. If you seem to have some doubt on the performance of small or medium sized telescopes, Meade has a variety of big telescopes that can be used anywhere. Though huge in size, these telescopes offer ultra portability and high quality optics at about the same price as other Meade Classic Telescopes.

The Celestron Telescopes on the other hand are perfect for both the novice and considerably advanced astronomers, with a wide selection of series of reliable telescopes such as the Celestron SkyScout Scope 90, Celestron Advanced Telescope Series, Celestron AstroMaster, Celestron CGE, Celestron CPC, Celestron NexStar SE, and more.

Celestron Telescopes are easy to use and maintain as they are nearly maintenance free but with high precision optics. Celestron also has a series of telescopes that are perfect for both celestial and terrestrial viewings. Celestron also has computerized types that are programmed to be fully knowledgeable of the entire universe. If you are one of those who have been wanting to catch orbiting satellites on the telescope, Celestron has telescopes that are equipped with GPS receivers that help you find the exact location of the said satellites on Earth. Celestron also features those types that are inspired with the classic orange tubular look of the original ones with 21st century technology such as superior coatings, fully computerized operating system, flash upgradable hand control, and more.

For beginners and experts of astronomy, Meade and Celestron are one of the leading names to consider for reliable and high quality telescopes to better aid us in exploring the vast universe. You also won't have to worry that you might spend on something you won't be able to know how to use as these great star-gazing aides are perfectly designed for all types of users.

Pharmacy Acquisition and Bridge Loans

Bridge Loans are a short-term financing

Bridge Loans are a short-term financing option and are used while waiting for permanent financing, or the next stage of financing to be obtained. Bridge loans provide funding to "bridge" the gap between a company's current needs and their long term financing requirements.

One of the characteristics of a bridge loan is that they can close quickly, which in turn allows a company to capitalize on a timely business opportunity, or acquisition. The quick access to money can also allow a business the chance to avoid penalties, bankruptcy, or other temporary problems. If longer term issues need to be dealt with, this transitionary financing provides the company time until longer term financing can be secured.

Another characteristic of bridge loans is that the process usually requires less documentation than conventional financing. Bridge loan lenders don't usually have the same government regulations to adhere to, so they tend to have more flexibility in their lending criteria and the documentation they require. However, less documentation does not mean they won't perform due diligence to have a comfort level with the transaction before they fund.

Permanent financing is generally used to "take out," or pay back, the bridge loan. In the event the funds were used to buy real estate, the property may be rehabbed and sold to pay off the loan.

Uses of Bridge Loans Acquisitions Avoid penalties Balloon Note Due Bankruptcy Resolutions Business Expansion Foreclosure Avoidance Investment opportunities Mergers Payoff Tax Liens/Judgments Refinancing Partner Buyouts Renovations

Sale-Leaseback

Examples of using Bridge Loans:

1. An existing manufacturer needs $1 million to expand their business. They have 3 new equity investors who will be investing in the firm over the next 6 months, but at different intervals. However, the business has orders and needs to expand their facility and production line sooner than 6 months. The quick closing bridge loan allows the company access to the needed funds so they can complete their expansion and profit from the new orders. Money from the 3 new equity investors will pay off the bridge loan.

2. A business has an opportunity to quickly acquire a commercial property that has a great location but is in disrepair. A Hard Money Lender can provide a bridge loan until the rehab of the property is complete and conventional long term financing can be obtained.

3. A contractor needs funds to get through the permitting process of a project. Conventional financing isn't available at this stage because there is still too much risk. A bridge loan provides the needed funds and allows the contractor to move into the construction phase and then qualify for other forms of financing.

4. During a partner buyout a bridge loan can help ensure the cash flow and uninterrupted operation of the business until traditional funding takes place.

5. Property, or equipment bought at auction may have a narrow window for closing the deal and timing of traditional financing would keep the buyer from proceeding with the opportunity.

6. To meet the underwriting expense of going public, short term financing of a bridge loan allows the company to proceed with their IPO plans.

The types of deals that require this type of loan may be considered speculative in nature, or have higher risk factors. Due to this many banks do not offer these loans. Banks must meet government regulations and need to justify their lending practices. Riskier loans do not usually fall within the lending parameters of many banks. A majority of the these loans will come from private investment firms and hard money lenders.

When there are business opportunities, quick deadlines, an old loan maturing before a new loan can be put in place, funding needs during the permit, planning, or evaluating stages, etc., these loans can be an essential financial tool.

Tips: 1. These loans are quick to obtain, but quick to expire. 2. They are similar to a hard money loan and the terms are often used interchangeably in conversations. Both are short-term, higher interest rate, non-standard loans, but in some circles hard money refers to the lending source and a bridge loan refers to the duration of the loan. 3. These loans usually come with higher interest rates than traditional financing a larger down payment, meaning a lower Loan to Value (LTV) and a lower level of risk and provides an opportunity for lower interest rates. Lower LTV's represent a lower level of risk and may allow lower interest rates. 4. With the shorter time period, these borrowers will need to be aware that fees for valuations, legal, dues diligence, etc., will be amortized over a shorter period than traditional financing transactions.

Passive Houses Are Sustainable Homes And Energy Efficient Eco Friendly Homes

Passive Houses Are Sustainable Homes And Energy

Passive houses are sustainable homes that are far more than your average eco friendly homes because they are a building in which a comfortable interior climate can be maintained without active heating and cooling systems. Essentially, the passive house heats and cools itself, hence "passive". The combined energy consumption of a passive house is actually less than the average new European home requires for household electricity and hot water alone.

The combined end energy consumed by a passive house is therefore less than a quarter of the energy consumed by the average new construction that complies with applicable national energy regulations making for high energy efficiency homes.

How does it work?

There are four key areas that comprise the Passive Home system:

1. Very high levels of insulation with minimal thermal bridges 2. Intelligent use of solar and internal gains 3. Excellent level of airtightness 4. Good indoor air quality provided by a mechanical ventilation system

With these features for sustainable homes in place, passive houses do not need a traditional heating system or active cooling to be comfortable to live in - the small heating demand can be met using a small electric heater within the ventilation system (although there are a variety of alternative solutions), making them the ultimate in eco friendly homes.

The timber frame is air tight, insulating and incredibly robust. When assembled they create a wall with exceptional thermal qualities, no thermal bridges and incredible durability, making them popular in areas prone to earthquakes, tornados and forest fire.

Timber frame walls have U-values as low as 0.11 w/m2k making them ideal for zero energy buildings - and because they are manufactured to fit your design the building process for these sustainable homes is quick, tidy and precise, with lower labour and equipment costs than alternative methods.

Because of the comprehensive range of components, timber frame construction offers unbelievable flexibility of design and allow you to choose internal and external cladding in a wide range of finishes, including plaster, masonry, curtain walling and renders. The use of timber frame construction and insulated concrete forms means that these house designs for sustainable homes are the ultimate eco-friendly homes.

How are air circulation and additional heating requirements catered for?

With timber frame components supplying the necessary insulation and airtightness, you need a complimentary system to provide adequate ventilation and prevent the air getting stale, as well as make up for any shortfall in heating requirements.

This is achieved most efficiently by transferring heat from the stale to the fresh air during the ventilation process. Using our heat transfer system, heat passes from hot air to cold air - it's a process that is so efficient that air entering the room will only be approximately one or two degrees colder than the room it enters.

Technical specifications for Passive Homes:

For Europe (40 - 60 degree Northern latitudes), a dwelling is deemed to satisfy the Passive House sustainable homes criteria if:

• the total energy demand for space heating and cooling is less than 15 kWh/m2/yr treated floor area
• the total primary energy use for all appliances, domestic hot water and space heating and cooling is less than 120 kWh/m2/yr

These figures are verified at the design stage using the Passive House Planning Package.

industrial environments, manufacturing

industrial environments, manufacturing

Anti corrosion castors is the new buzz word in the industry. Corrosion, defined crudely, is the degradation of material, altering the chemical composition of a substance. The most dramatic evidence of corrosion was the Silver Bridge disaster in 1967, in West Virginia in the United States of America. This suspension bridge collapsed largely due to the corrosion of the iron supports under the bridge, killing forty six people. Left unchecked corrosion in an industrial setting can have equally disastrous and dangerous consequences.

In industrial environments, manufacturing facilities and institutional workplaces, such as hospitals and food producers, the importance of having anti corrosion castors is paramount. At any time gas and liquids can attack the exposed surface of the castors, which are being used to manoeuvre heavy machinery or equipment. For example a common problem is cleaning of equipment castors and bed castors in hospitals. Corrosion in castors and wheels can have dramatic effects and even lead to premature castor failure. This failure of castors due to corrosion can have huge implications. This premature failure can be due to surface changes after and during corrosion, which can lead to loss in the castors strength and result in brittleness.

Some materials can resist corrosion naturally; however other materials require additional treatments to ensure they remain sound. During the manufacturing process of castors, the metal castor frame undergoes a zinc plating treatment. Zinc plated castor frames provide an effective anti corrosion treatment. Although effective in the majority of situations, certain environments do require the castors to have stainless steel frames, which do not rust or corrode over time. Food manufacturing facilities for example are required to have stainless steel castors, as they can withstand the high level of cleaning and chemicals. Outdoor environments also require the castors to be anti corrosive. For example in Marinas castors are used to manoeuvre boats around the yard. These marine castors can be exposed to harsh weather conditions, sea salt and water. Ensuring castors can withstand such conditions is paramount.

Not only are the castors housings anti corrosive, but also the wheels housed in the castors need to have chemical resistance to corrosive gasses and liquids. When choosing castors and wheels it is important that some consideration is given to the environment they will be working and what chemical substances are present in their place of use. Chemicals used in industrial and institutional settings extend from Acetic Acid to Zinc Rhodanide, and incorporating all the chemicals on the periodic tables in between! The general rule is the harder the wheel, the more resistance they will have. For example nylon, polyurethane and polypropylene wheels show more resistance to a range of chemicals than rubber wheels. Of course this wheel resistance does depend upon the contact duration, concentration of the corrosive substances, as well as humidity and temperature in the working environment. Chemical resistance guides also indicate wheel resistance to certain chemicals, and does not give an indication for chemical mixtures.

As an alternative anti corrosive castor, there are a new breed of synthetic castors on the market which have been specifically designed for institutional environments. These castors have housings made of a resistant polyamide and any metal parts are manufactured out of stainless steel.